The Impact of Arousal on Witness Recall

Cognitive Processes and Memory Formation

A description of the stages of memory formation, including encoding, storage, and retrieval, highlighting the role of attention and perception in each phase. Discussion of how these processes can be impacted by heightened states of emotional arousal.

Effects of Elevated Arousal on Perception

Examines how high levels of emotional arousal can narrow attentional focus, leading to a reduction in the amount of detail perceived. Explores the 'weapon focus' effect, where attention is disproportionately drawn to threatening objects, diminishing memory for other aspects of the event. Details the impact on visual and auditory processing capabilities.

Memory Distortion and Reconstruction

Explanation of how memory is not a perfect recording but rather a reconstructive process susceptible to distortion. Investigates how post-event information and suggestion can alter memory traces, particularly when original memories are weak or incomplete due to the circumstances of encoding.

Hormonal Influences on Memory

Addresses the neurobiological effects of corticosteroids, such as cortisol, and catecholamines, such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, on memory consolidation and retrieval. Explores the impact of these hormones on the amygdala and hippocampus, brain regions crucial for emotional processing and memory. Includes information on potential dose-dependent effects, where moderate levels of arousal may enhance memory, while extreme levels can impair it.

Accuracy vs. Confidence

Discussion of the dissociation between witness confidence and accuracy. Clarifies how heightened feelings of confidence do not necessarily correlate with accurate recall. Addresses the potential for feedback and repeated questioning to inflate confidence levels, even when memories are inaccurate.

Individual Differences and Vulnerabilities

Considers how individual differences, such as personality traits, pre-existing conditions (e.g., PTSD), and cognitive abilities, can moderate the impact of emotionally charged situations on memory. Examination of how susceptible different individuals are to suggestion and memory distortion under pressure.